Sleep disorders during pregnancy and postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most important mental disorders in recent years. However, the effects of prenatal sleep disorders on the development of PPD among pregnant women have not been elucidated. This review aims to provide a summary of the literature evaluating the relation between sleep disorders during pregnancy and PPD. METHOD: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Embase up to September 2020. All observational studies (cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort) and studies that assessed the association between sleep disorders during pregnancy and PPD were included. Total sample of 36,873 women from 13 studies was entered to meta-analysis. An aggregate effect size estimate (odds ratio) was generated using the comprehensive meta-analysis software. A random effects model was set a priori. Heterogeneity and publication bias were examined using the standard meta-analytic approaches. RESULT: We found maternal sleep disorder increased odds of PPD (point estimate, 3.300; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.136-5.098; p < .001; n = 13). However, there was significant heterogeneity (Q, 131.250; df, 12; p < .001; I2 , 90.857%). The estimated effect size was significant for all categorical studies. According to meta-regression, no moderating factor (age and publication year) significantly mediated the estimated effect size. CONCLUSION: We found a significant relationship between sleep disturbances during pregnancy and PPD. Women with sleep disorders are at an increased risk of developing PPD, which warrants screening pregnant mothers for sleep disturbances. Also, we found that the increasing age in pregnancy was associated with increased risk of PPD.

The association between animal flesh foods consumption and semen parameters among infertile Iranian men: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated the association between dietary patterns and semen quality indicators, but research on the possible association between animal flesh foods consumption and semen quality is limited. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the association between animal flesh foods consumption with semen quality. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 400 newly-identified (< 6 months) infertile men, as diagnosed by an andrologist, were recruited into the study. Dietary intake was assessed by using a semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. The total meat consumption was defined as the sum of red meat, poultry, fresh fish, canned fish, processed meats, and organ meats in the diet. A linear mixed model was used to assess the relationship between meat consumption and semen quality indicators of participants. RESULTS: Consumption of canned fish was inversely related to sperm immotility. Compared with the men in the lowest quartile of canned fish intake, those in the highest quartile had a lower sperm immotility [lowest quartile: 52.5%; (95% CI: 47-57) vs 47.4%; (95% CI: 43-51) P-trend = 0.026]. Similarly, a trend toward an inverse significant association between fresh fish intake and sperm immotility was observed (P-trend = 0.074). In contrast, fresh and canned fish intake was unrelated to other outcomes of sperm quality (P-trend > 0.05). No association was found between consumption of processed red meat, red meat, poultry, and organ meat, and semen quality indicators (P-trend > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We found that consumption of canned fish is associated with a lower percentage of immotile sperm, whilst a high consumption of fresh fish increased the percentage of immotile sperm in Iranian infertile men. Further studies are recommended in this regard.